1. Natural Topography and Slope
- Flat or low-lying terrain tends to retain water longer, delaying construction.
- Sloped land may accelerate runoff but require grading and erosion control measures.
- Improper grading can lead to water accumulation around future structures.
2. Soil Infiltration Capacity
- Sandy or gravelly soils drain efficiently and support good foundation conditions.
- Clay or silty soils have low permeability, causing water to pool or run off instead of soaking in.
- Poor infiltration requires engineered drainage solutions or soil replacement.
3. Presence of Surface Water Channels
- Streams, seasonal drains, or nullahs must be preserved or rerouted with regulatory clearance.
- Construction setbacks are enforced from natural water channels or drainage lines.
- Alignment of buildings may be limited to avoid encroaching on natural waterways.
4. High Water Table
- Water close to the surface increases excavation costs and complicates foundation design.
- May require waterproofing, dewatering systems, or pile foundations for support.
- Particularly common in coastal or alluvial regions.
5. Floodplain Proximity
- Land within or adjacent to known flood zones is subject to development restrictions.
- Requires raised plinth levels, flood-resistant designs, and sometimes elevated infrastructure.
- Urban master plans often designate no-build zones in such areas.
