1. Definition and Purpose
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a structured process used to identify, predict, and evaluate the potential environmental effects of a proposed land development project. It is mandated under the EIA Notification, 2006 issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and aims to ensure that:
- Environmental risks are identified early in the planning process
- Appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated
- Projects proceed with minimal ecological impact
It applies to specific categories of industrial, infrastructure, and commercial land developments listed under the EIA schedule.
2. Screening
Screening determines whether a project requires a full EIA study or only a basic environmental clearance. Based on the project type, scale, and location:
- Projects are categorized into Category A (handled by the MoEFCC) or Category B (handled by State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority – SEIAA)
- Some small or low-impact projects may be exempted from EIA if they fall below specified thresholds
This step helps filter which projects need comprehensive environmental evaluation.
3. Scoping
Scoping involves defining the terms of reference (ToR) for the EIA study. The developer or project proponent submits a proposal that outlines:
- Project details, site location, and intended activities
- Potential environmental, social, and ecological impacts
- Key parameters to be studied such as air, water, soil, biodiversity, and waste
The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) or SEIAA reviews and issues an approved ToR for the detailed assessment.
4. Preparation of EIA Report
Based on the approved ToR, a detailed EIA report is prepared by accredited consultants. It includes:
- Baseline environmental data collection from the site and surrounding region
- Prediction of potential impacts during construction and operation phases
- Mitigation strategies to minimize negative effects
- An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) outlining safeguards, monitoring plans, and responsibilities
The report is comprehensive and forms the core document for review.
5. Public Consultation
For most Category A and some Category B projects, a public hearing is conducted by the State Pollution Control Board (SPCB). This step:
- Involves publishing project details in local newspapers
- Invites comments, objections, and suggestions from affected communities
- Ensures local participation in the decision-making process
Minutes of the hearing and feedback are added to the EIA report before submission.
6. Appraisal by Authorities
The final EIA report, along with the public hearing record, is submitted to the EAC or SEIAA for appraisal. The committee:
- Reviews the technical content, feasibility, and adequacy of mitigation plans
- May seek clarifications, additional studies, or revisions
- Makes a recommendation for approval, rejection, or conditional clearance
This expert review ensures the project is aligned with environmental norms and best practices.
7. Grant of Environmental Clearance (EC)
If the project meets the required standards, the MoEFCC or SEIAA issues the Environmental Clearance (EC), subject to:
- Specific conditions and environmental safeguards
- Commitments to ongoing monitoring and compliance
- Submission of periodic compliance reports
EC is a mandatory precondition for obtaining further construction or operational licenses for many types of land developments.
8. Post-Clearance Monitoring and Compliance
Once the EC is granted:
- The project proponent must implement the EMP and mitigation measures
- Submit bi-annual environmental compliance reports to authorities
- Allow inspection and audits by regulatory bodies like SPCB or CPCB
Non-compliance may result in fines, suspension, or cancellation of the clearance.
